الركنين المادي والمعنوي للجريمة الركنين المادي والمعنوي للجريمة

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الركنين المادي والمعنوي للجريمة

ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ :

ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺴﺪ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﺈﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﺭﺗﻜﺎﺑﻬﺎ .
ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ 3 ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ : ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻣﻲ – ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ – ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺳﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ .

ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻣﻲ : ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ : ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ - ﺍﻟﻴﺪ : ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ - ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻗﺔ : ﺍﻹﺧﺘﻼﺱ - ﺍﻟﻔﻢ : ﺍﻟﺴﺐ , ﻭﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺳﻠﺒﻲ : ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ / ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻄﺮ , ﺇﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ .

ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ : ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎً ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﺒﺎً ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺯﻫﺎﻕ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﻴﺔ .
ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺳﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ : ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻣﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ . ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺇﻧﺘﻔﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﻔﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻧﻌﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ .

ﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻈﺎﻓﺮﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ : ﺇﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ 3 ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ :

ـ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ : ﻻﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻬﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ , ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ , ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮﻡ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﻓﻌﻼً ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺎً . ﻣﺜﺎﻝ : ﺿﺮﺏ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺿﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ , ﻭﻭﻓﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻳﻀﺎً ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻞ ﻋﻼﺝ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻓﺎﺗﻪ ﻓﻴﻌﺎﻗﺐ .

ـ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ : ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻭﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ , ﻭﻻﻳﺴﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺍ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ,

ـ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ : ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﺆﺩﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﺑﺔ . ﻣﺜﺎﻝ : ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻃﺒﻲ , ﻳﻌﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ .

- ﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻲ : ﻟﻢ ﻳﺄﺧﺪ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ 3 ﻭ ﺇﻛﺘﻔﻰ ﺑﺈﺷﺘﺮﺍﻁ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ , ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺣﻞ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﺎﻓﺮ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮﻡ .

ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻱ :

ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺼﺮﺍﻑ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ، ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ . ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺒﻮﻥ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺧﻄﺄ، ﻭﻫﻲ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﻑ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻹﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺼﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ “ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮ.

ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ : ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ :

ﺃ - ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺎﺕ ‏( ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 16 ﻕ . ﺝ ‏) : ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻉ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ : ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺑﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ ﻣﻦ 5 ﺇﻟﻰ 30 ﺳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ .

ﺏ - ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺢ ‏( ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ 17 ﻕ . ﺝ ‏) : ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ : ﺟﻨﺢ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺒﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺣﺪﻩ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﺳﻨﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ، ﻭﺟﻨﺢ ﺿﺒﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺒﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺣﺪﻩ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﺳﻨﺘﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ 1200 ﺩﺭﻫﻢ .

ﺝ - ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ : ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻉ ﺑﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ 1200 ﺩﺭﻫﻢ.

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